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The beginnings of Jihad are traced back to the words and actions of Muhammad and the Quran.〔Rudolph Peters, Jihād (The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World).〕 This encourages the use of Jihad against non-Muslims.〔Jonathon P. Berkey, The Formation of Islam; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2003〕 The Qu'ran, however, never uses the term Jihad for fighting and combat in the name of Allah; qital is used to mean "fighting." The struggle for Jihad in the Qu'ran was originally intended for the nearby neighbors of the Muslims, but as Islam expanded through conquest, the Quranic statements supporting Jihad were updated for the new adversaries.〔 The first documentation of the law of Jihad was written by 'Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i and Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Shaybani. The document grew out of debates that had surfaced ever since Muhammad's death.〔 ==Early instances== The first forms of military Jihad occurred after the migration (hijra) of Muhammad and his small group of followers to Medina from Mecca and the conversion of several inhabitants of the city to Islam. The first revelation concerning the struggle against the Meccans was surah 22, verses 39-40:〔William M. Watt: ''Muhammad at Medina'', p.4; q.v. the Tafsir regarding these verses〕 At this time, Muslims had been persecuted and oppressed by the Meccans.〔Adel Th. Khoury: ''Was sagt der Koran zum Heiligen Krieg?'', p.91〕 There were still Muslims who could not flee from Mecca and were still oppressed because of their faith. Surah 4, verse 75 is referring to this fact: The Meccans also refused to let the Muslims enter Mecca and by that denied them access to the Ka'aba. Surah 8, verse 34: However hadith from Sahih al-Bukhari formalized the rules for warfare, which legitimized warfare against hypocrites.
The main focus of Muhammad's later years was increasing the number of allies as well as the amount of territory under Muslim control.〔David Cook, Understanding Jihad; University of California Press: CA, 2005〕 The Qu'ran is unclear as to whether Jihad is acceptable only in defense of the faith from wrongdoings or in all cases.〔 Major battles in the history of Islam arose between the Meccans and the Muslims; one of the most important to the latter was the Battle of Badr in 624 AD.〔 This Muslim victory over polytheists showed "demonstration of divine guidance and intervention on behalf of Muslims, even when outnumbered."〔The Oxford Dictionary of Islam, Badr, Battle of;(Oxfordislamicstudies.com ) . Retrieved February 17, 2008.〕 Other early battles included battles in Uhud (625), Khandaq (627), Mecca (630) and Hunayn (630). These battles, especially Uhud and Khandaq, were unsuccessful in comparison to the Battle of Badr.〔 In relating this battle, the Qu'ran states that Allah sent an "unseen army of angels" that helped the Muslims defeat the Meccans.〔John L. Esposito, Islam, the Straight Path; Oxford University Press: New York,2005〕 The Islamic people were warfare people. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Islam and war」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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